The invisible rape of Romania
The psychology of violence
Text: Andrzej Szczepanek - Layout: Pia Berrend - Relating to others in terms of cultivating an emotive relation with other humans or animals is man's and animal's most basic psychological need.
In this way, a mother relates to her child, and the child to his or her mother. A "pet" owner relates to his "pet" and the "pet" emotively reciprocates. A gay person affectively relates to the other one. An animal emotively relates to an animal. A child relates to a companion animal and the animal, in its own way, determined by the species' psychological make-up, relates to the child.
Is it a universal truth? Yes, it is.
At the early stages of emotive development, the child ultimately and unconditionally identifies itself with the mother. The child has no self of his own, has no self–awareness and there is no conscious boundary between the child and the environment and his or her mother. The child's mother is the child's true self and its identity. At this stage, a very young child has no clear-cut sense of its identity because the child's brain cortex has not yet matured to the point of self-awareness implying the perception of oneself from some external perspective where we can clearly define the difference between us and the surrounding environment. The sense of our own unique self as being different from the surrounding environment develops as soon as the cerebral cortex matures and new neural connections are formed.
So the cortical structures of the young brain are not fully structured and the neural connections between them are not finally developed. The very young child is incapable of finding and rationalizing causal relations existing between action and reaction. Its memory is so imperfect that sequential thinking is impossible. The child is incapable of initiation of coordinated movements because its cortical sensory and motor structures of the brain are still immature. The child has no will and is unable to act in a premeditated, purposeful way. At this stage of the brain cortex development, the child's brain is much less responsive and mature in comparison with, say, an adult dog's or a monkey's brain which engages freely in affective relations with others and is more emotively perceptive and much more self aware and responsive.
Yes, this is true. At this point of growth the child's brain is intellectually, biologically and emotively inferior to the brain of a grown higher animal.
This is not a relativization of the status of humans as feeling creatures. This is the biological recreation of the evolutionary path that man has undergone evolving from simpler to more complex forms. It is also true that in this early phase of growth, the child's sub-cortical structures such as thalamus and hypothalamus are operating full steam, and these are the areas making the child emotively receptive and responsive in its play with the environment. The child is capable of experiencing the sense of pleasure, dread, anxiety, anger, however the child is unable to relate these emotions to any particular events and lacks the ability to rationalize them in the way grown-up humans do. It happens that way because the child's emotional development is faster than its intellectual one.
Only a fully matured brain cortex integrating, analyzing and synthesizing all the stimuli gives rise to the emergence of self-awareness and the clear-cut sense of identity and these are the psychological qualities that a very young child does not possess.
Yet, what is extremely important to know, is the fact that the child, primarily, is a feeling being though it lacks self-awareness and the sense of its identity.
So the cortical structures of the young brain are not fully structured and the neural connections between them are not finally developed. The very young child is incapable of finding and rationalizing causal relations existing between action and reaction. Its memory is so imperfect that sequential thinking is impossible. The child is incapable of initiation of coordinated movements because its cortical sensory and motor structures of the brain are still immature. The child has no will and is unable to act in a premeditated, purposeful way. At this stage of the brain cortex development, the child's brain is much less responsive and mature in comparison with, say, an adult dog's or a monkey's brain which engages freely in affective relations with others and is more emotively perceptive and much more self aware and responsive.
Yes, this is true. At this point of growth the child's brain is intellectually, biologically and emotively inferior to the brain of a grown higher animal.
This is not a relativization of the status of humans as feeling creatures. This is the biological recreation of the evolutionary path that man has undergone evolving from simpler to more complex forms. It is also true that in this early phase of growth, the child's sub-cortical structures such as thalamus and hypothalamus are operating full steam, and these are the areas making the child emotively receptive and responsive in its play with the environment. The child is capable of experiencing the sense of pleasure, dread, anxiety, anger, however the child is unable to relate these emotions to any particular events and lacks the ability to rationalize them in the way grown-up humans do. It happens that way because the child's emotional development is faster than its intellectual one.
Only a fully matured brain cortex integrating, analyzing and synthesizing all the stimuli gives rise to the emergence of self-awareness and the clear-cut sense of identity and these are the psychological qualities that a very young child does not possess.
Yet, what is extremely important to know, is the fact that the child, primarily, is a feeling being though it lacks self-awareness and the sense of its identity.
Likewise, after birth, animals undergo the same sped-up evolutionary biological process and they are, in the first place, feeling and sensitive beings in the same manner humans are. Up to a certain point of evolution, humans and higher animals are identical in the sense that their emotive receptiveness and responsiveness is the same. Animals can feel pleasure, anxiety, shame, anger, they can be depressed, they can be jealous, the may want to protect their owner. They maintain eye contact, they demonstrate motherly feelings and the urge to care. They are capable of entering affective relation with other sensitive and emotively responsive beings.
It is this affective relation with the loved one which is so crucial for the healthy and unimpeded development of the young child. When the mother is not around, it is like the child is losing its identity because for the child the mother is its identity. Some primal anxiety originating somewhere in the sub-cortical structures of the brain (the limbic system) creeps in. The child feels uneasy and becomes alert and tense. Since the child has neither got a mature brain cortex capable of processing his primal anxiety nor self-awareness enabling the child to rationalize it, it is helpless in the face of it, which makes the child's underlying anxiety even more dramatic and poignant.
The mature brain cortex imposes a measure of control over sub-cortical structures generating primeval anxiety in a grown-up by way of building some inhibiting neural connections controlling the dynamics of the sub-cortical areas of the brain, yet the very young child is mostly deprived of this defence mechanism which needs self-awareness to be effective.
When the child fears or feels threatened, the trauma is dramatic and destructive. Putting aside all else, as we grow up, this fundamental affective relation existing between the mother and the child influences the character of our future emotive relations with other living beings, both human and animal. We have to relate emotively to others to maintain our inner sense of security and personal integrity necessary for survival as independent and creative beings capable of cultivating loving relations with others.
Violence, in particular, institutionalized and legalized violence promoted by a terror state destroys such emotive relations, which is synonymous with the heightened levels of primeval anxiety and functional changes of the brain.
We need to affectively relate to other living and feeling beings for protection in exactly the same biologically determined manner as the very young child relates to its mother because the mother-the child emotive quality of this relation affects in a fundamental way the character of our prospective emotive relations as we grow older. The loving relation that we cherish and cultivate is the foundation on which our well-being and the sense of security rests. It helps us to relate to other more distant members of the community and finally, it enables us to function as social beings.
It is this affective relation with the loved one which is so crucial for the healthy and unimpeded development of the young child. When the mother is not around, it is like the child is losing its identity because for the child the mother is its identity. Some primal anxiety originating somewhere in the sub-cortical structures of the brain (the limbic system) creeps in. The child feels uneasy and becomes alert and tense. Since the child has neither got a mature brain cortex capable of processing his primal anxiety nor self-awareness enabling the child to rationalize it, it is helpless in the face of it, which makes the child's underlying anxiety even more dramatic and poignant.
The mature brain cortex imposes a measure of control over sub-cortical structures generating primeval anxiety in a grown-up by way of building some inhibiting neural connections controlling the dynamics of the sub-cortical areas of the brain, yet the very young child is mostly deprived of this defence mechanism which needs self-awareness to be effective.
When the child fears or feels threatened, the trauma is dramatic and destructive. Putting aside all else, as we grow up, this fundamental affective relation existing between the mother and the child influences the character of our future emotive relations with other living beings, both human and animal. We have to relate emotively to others to maintain our inner sense of security and personal integrity necessary for survival as independent and creative beings capable of cultivating loving relations with others.
Violence, in particular, institutionalized and legalized violence promoted by a terror state destroys such emotive relations, which is synonymous with the heightened levels of primeval anxiety and functional changes of the brain.
We need to affectively relate to other living and feeling beings for protection in exactly the same biologically determined manner as the very young child relates to its mother because the mother-the child emotive quality of this relation affects in a fundamental way the character of our prospective emotive relations as we grow older. The loving relation that we cherish and cultivate is the foundation on which our well-being and the sense of security rests. It helps us to relate to other more distant members of the community and finally, it enables us to function as social beings.
Violence-related anxiety, the promotion of abuse and brutality, the break-up of social relations get us back in evolution to the stage of an intimidated and helpless child of limited self-awareness and limited self identity because the build-up in anxiety (the subconscious) makes us prejudiced, irrational, violent, intolerant and xenophobic.
Yes, the process of our evolution can be reversed within a lifetime culminating in a frenzy of killing and mass extermination as it is evident in Romania and elsewhere. The Romanian policy of mass slaughter should be in the first place interpreted as the criminal violation of man's basic and natural right to freely relate emotively to other sentient beings. The quality of this affective relation is fundamental for our affective development and social stability. It is critically important to campaign for this basic human and natural right to be reflected in the constitution which should read:
A human being has an inalienable and a natural right to relate emotively to other living beings, be it humans or animals and as, universally, this relation constitutes the foundation of man's sense of security and well-being, as well as the sense of his identity and as the character of this affective relation is the same regardless of whether this relation exists between humans or humans and animals, any one who perpetrates the violence-related trauma resulting from the suppression of this natural right should be held accountable as the violation of this right causes psychosomatic suffering equivalent to the violation of personal rights and freedoms.
A human being has an inalienable and a natural right to relate emotively to other living beings, be it humans or animals and as, universally, this relation constitutes the foundation of man's sense of security and well-being, as well as the sense of his identity and as the character of this affective relation is the same regardless of whether this relation exists between humans or humans and animals, any one who perpetrates the violence-related trauma resulting from the suppression of this natural right should be held accountable as the violation of this right causes psychosomatic suffering equivalent to the violation of personal rights and freedoms.
As long as animals rights are an abstract entity in no way related to the general question of human rights and the trauma of violence, especially state-fomented violence and oppression also understood as socioeconomic marginalization, the concept of human rights will be dangerously flawed and discriminatory because it does not protect the rights of those humans who develop a strong and lasting affective relation with emotively responsive animals.
It will also mean that the law tolerates discrimination against other human beings, which makes the law dangerously inconsistent and it polarizes the society ultimately destroying the moral foundation of the law by the relativization of violence, suffering and the psychological trauma of the victim. Not only are the human victims of this legal prejudice and violence psychologically traumatized and sometimes physically abused. They are deprived of the very right to seek compensation for the violation of their basic and natural right to enjoy and develop emotive relations with other emotively responsive beings.
Not long ago, child abuse was endemic because of child's alleged inferiority to adults. Not long ago, slavery was no to be challenged and it constituted one of the most infamous foundations of the world's economy. We are still enslaving humans who stand up in the defence of animal rights because we restrict their freedoms and do not protect them from violence.
In fact, the corrupt Romanian government executing the policy of animal mass extermination targets millions of sensitive people who are being socially marginalized and who are deprived of any legal or constitutional protection. The corrupt nature of such a deviant, murderous and criminal policy advocated by the state bureaucrats makes one believe that those who oppose violence are acting against the law and it is them who deserve condemnation.
In this sense, Romania is a corrupt country and those who keep silent on the question of human rights in Romania including global institutions allegedly promoting democracy are guilty of tolerating the evil, the frenzy of killings and the human rights as well as social crisis.
Yes, Romania is in the grip of a social crisis and the international community simply ignores it.
The traumatic consequences of the state terror, in their most dramatic form, may include depressive anxiety, affective disorders, psychosomatic disorders and finally symptoms of clinical depression.
Those especially vulnerable are the individuals who are deprived of legal protection, the animal rights activists, children, people suffering from variety of illnesses with concurrent depressive component or disabled people or people who are subject to socioeconomic marginalization due to the economic crisis and the austerity measures. Many of them will develop symptoms of psychosomatic disturbance and in extreme cases some may develop full-blown clinical depression. They are already at risk because of their heightened vulnerability.
Not long ago, child abuse was endemic because of child's alleged inferiority to adults. Not long ago, slavery was no to be challenged and it constituted one of the most infamous foundations of the world's economy. We are still enslaving humans who stand up in the defence of animal rights because we restrict their freedoms and do not protect them from violence.
In fact, the corrupt Romanian government executing the policy of animal mass extermination targets millions of sensitive people who are being socially marginalized and who are deprived of any legal or constitutional protection. The corrupt nature of such a deviant, murderous and criminal policy advocated by the state bureaucrats makes one believe that those who oppose violence are acting against the law and it is them who deserve condemnation.
In this sense, Romania is a corrupt country and those who keep silent on the question of human rights in Romania including global institutions allegedly promoting democracy are guilty of tolerating the evil, the frenzy of killings and the human rights as well as social crisis.
Yes, Romania is in the grip of a social crisis and the international community simply ignores it.
The traumatic consequences of the state terror, in their most dramatic form, may include depressive anxiety, affective disorders, psychosomatic disorders and finally symptoms of clinical depression.
Those especially vulnerable are the individuals who are deprived of legal protection, the animal rights activists, children, people suffering from variety of illnesses with concurrent depressive component or disabled people or people who are subject to socioeconomic marginalization due to the economic crisis and the austerity measures. Many of them will develop symptoms of psychosomatic disturbance and in extreme cases some may develop full-blown clinical depression. They are already at risk because of their heightened vulnerability.
It is important that the witnesses to violence report to specialists all sorts of violence-related psychosomatic symptoms.
Clinical depression is a uniquely challenging ordeal. It is often related to trauma and violence and now it is being referred to as a post-traumatic stress disorder. It is extremely important to know that PTSD may be triggered by seemingly minor incidents of violence. You do not have to be in combat to suffer from it. You do not have to lose a loved one to have it.
Clinical depression may result from a constant exposition to violence and the intensity of violence does not have to be extremely strong. Social rejection, inability to relate emotively to others, family problems, socioeconomic marginalization or a failure may trigger acute sense of anxiety, heightened alertness, expectation of failure, irritability or permanent anhedonia.
The heightened levels of amorphous all-embracing anxiety make an individual shy and withdrawn. The individual may perceive social relations as threatening. The individual feels different from others and believes that he or she is inferior to others. The underlying cause of such a changed perception of oneself is the creeping primal anxiety (generated by the sub-cortical mind) which begins to grow in intensity as the individual cannot satisfy his psychological needs for enjoyable and satisfying social and affective relations. The individual recurs to the stage of an early childhood when biological innate anxiety was so dominant in the absence of a mother. For a child, the crucial importance of the relation with its mother synonymous with the sense of security and pleasure diminishes with time as the child's brain cortex matures and the child is able to relate emotively to others thus satisfying his feelings of security. Yet any violence–related frustration of the individual's ability to relate constructively to others gives rise to the primal anxiety which effectively disables the individual in his desperate attempts to derive pleasure and the sense of security.
Our repeated failure at establishing successful, lasting and secure emotive relations is the psychological process in which violence in all its forms and manifestations makes it impossible for us to achieve the sense of gratification, pleasure thus finally crippling our sense of security. It is exactly the moment when our frustration and prolonged state of insecurity may take on this overwhelming, uncanny, and psychologically crippling quality of depressive anxiety. Depressive anxiety as an affective state of mind is so permanent, penetrating, inescapable, undefined, profound and overpowering that it changes the individual's perception of himself or herself and the perception of the external environment. It brings on the sense of alienation. The individual perceives himself to be a direct danger to himself. He is no longer what he used to be but there is some ultimately violent and threatening shapeless demon in him filling the individual with ultimate terror and alarm. In fact, the depressive anxiety is so intense and all-embracing that the individual thinks that he is the elusive, amorphous demon. The individual goes panicky as he has the sense of losing his identity and sanity. Not only does the individual feel alien to himself, actually, there is no sense of the individual's former self. It is gone. The individual's former self has been replaced with that of the faceless, nondescript dread, the formless demon.
The violent and generalized character of depressive anxiety obliterates the dividing line normally existing between our own selves and the environment and other people. This sensation or awareness of the subjective dividing protective barrier between ourselves and what is non-ourselves is symbolic of our feeling of security but this insulating barrier is gone now because of the generalized depressive anxiety and the intensity of the anxiety is so overpowering that we begin to project it both internally and outwardly which gives rise to the impression that we are endangered both from within and without. This creates the feeling of being trapped. The individual is firmly convinced that there is no way out of his ordeal.
The acute variety of depressive anxiety causes yet another shock. A child formerly having a deep emotive relation with his or her mother, now perceives her as alien and strange or even threatening him or her in some vague hard-to-define way.
All those psychological events are indicative of the phenomenon of anxiety projection. Depressive anxiety originates in the sub-cortical structures of the brain (the subconscious, emotional mind) as a result of serious functional disorganization of those structures often relative to the trauma of violence. The different manifestations or forms of this total amorphous anxiety take on the rational shape of the inescapable sense of guilt, the feeling of infinite void, the sensation of unending desolation and solitude, the premonition of death and dying, the alarm of disintegrating self, persecutory delusions and the feelings of progressing and unstoppable alienation. The process of rationalization of depressive anxiety takes place within our conscious mind (the cerebral cortex) which registers and consciously processes what happens within the sub-cortical unconscious brain as something ultimately threatening and violent thus the sense of guilt and gloom and other abstract manifestations of depressive anxiety are more or less conscious products of the depressive anxiety as an emotion being processed within the confines of our conscious self being the cerebral cortex. These abstract products, symbolic of our primal anxiety, are more or less intellectually accessible whereas depressive anxiety to be considered as pure emotion or energy is not. It is the mature cerebral cortex that integrates countless numbers of biochemical and electrical processes which leads to the emergence of awareness enabling us to recognize our most basic needs, the most vital of them being the sense of pleasure and security achieved in the process of emotive relation to other sensitive beings. If those needs are frustrated by subjecting an individual to violence, then the sub-cortical subconscious brain becomes dysfunctional to the point that it produces punishing anxiety which may turn into depressive anxiety of such a scope and intensity that it changes our perception of reality and the reception of our self. This demonstrates the destructive power of violence and anxiety which have a tremendously adverse impact on the intellectual processes taking place within the brain cortex.
Our humanity and culture resides within the confines of the cerebral cortex but the ultimate dread of morbid anxiety and death is the product of the sub-cortical brain.
What is interesting to note is the fact that the depressive brain may be as dysfunctional as the dying brain.
Clinical depression is a uniquely challenging ordeal. It is often related to trauma and violence and now it is being referred to as a post-traumatic stress disorder. It is extremely important to know that PTSD may be triggered by seemingly minor incidents of violence. You do not have to be in combat to suffer from it. You do not have to lose a loved one to have it.
Clinical depression may result from a constant exposition to violence and the intensity of violence does not have to be extremely strong. Social rejection, inability to relate emotively to others, family problems, socioeconomic marginalization or a failure may trigger acute sense of anxiety, heightened alertness, expectation of failure, irritability or permanent anhedonia.
The heightened levels of amorphous all-embracing anxiety make an individual shy and withdrawn. The individual may perceive social relations as threatening. The individual feels different from others and believes that he or she is inferior to others. The underlying cause of such a changed perception of oneself is the creeping primal anxiety (generated by the sub-cortical mind) which begins to grow in intensity as the individual cannot satisfy his psychological needs for enjoyable and satisfying social and affective relations. The individual recurs to the stage of an early childhood when biological innate anxiety was so dominant in the absence of a mother. For a child, the crucial importance of the relation with its mother synonymous with the sense of security and pleasure diminishes with time as the child's brain cortex matures and the child is able to relate emotively to others thus satisfying his feelings of security. Yet any violence–related frustration of the individual's ability to relate constructively to others gives rise to the primal anxiety which effectively disables the individual in his desperate attempts to derive pleasure and the sense of security.
Our repeated failure at establishing successful, lasting and secure emotive relations is the psychological process in which violence in all its forms and manifestations makes it impossible for us to achieve the sense of gratification, pleasure thus finally crippling our sense of security. It is exactly the moment when our frustration and prolonged state of insecurity may take on this overwhelming, uncanny, and psychologically crippling quality of depressive anxiety. Depressive anxiety as an affective state of mind is so permanent, penetrating, inescapable, undefined, profound and overpowering that it changes the individual's perception of himself or herself and the perception of the external environment. It brings on the sense of alienation. The individual perceives himself to be a direct danger to himself. He is no longer what he used to be but there is some ultimately violent and threatening shapeless demon in him filling the individual with ultimate terror and alarm. In fact, the depressive anxiety is so intense and all-embracing that the individual thinks that he is the elusive, amorphous demon. The individual goes panicky as he has the sense of losing his identity and sanity. Not only does the individual feel alien to himself, actually, there is no sense of the individual's former self. It is gone. The individual's former self has been replaced with that of the faceless, nondescript dread, the formless demon.
The violent and generalized character of depressive anxiety obliterates the dividing line normally existing between our own selves and the environment and other people. This sensation or awareness of the subjective dividing protective barrier between ourselves and what is non-ourselves is symbolic of our feeling of security but this insulating barrier is gone now because of the generalized depressive anxiety and the intensity of the anxiety is so overpowering that we begin to project it both internally and outwardly which gives rise to the impression that we are endangered both from within and without. This creates the feeling of being trapped. The individual is firmly convinced that there is no way out of his ordeal.
The acute variety of depressive anxiety causes yet another shock. A child formerly having a deep emotive relation with his or her mother, now perceives her as alien and strange or even threatening him or her in some vague hard-to-define way.
All those psychological events are indicative of the phenomenon of anxiety projection. Depressive anxiety originates in the sub-cortical structures of the brain (the subconscious, emotional mind) as a result of serious functional disorganization of those structures often relative to the trauma of violence. The different manifestations or forms of this total amorphous anxiety take on the rational shape of the inescapable sense of guilt, the feeling of infinite void, the sensation of unending desolation and solitude, the premonition of death and dying, the alarm of disintegrating self, persecutory delusions and the feelings of progressing and unstoppable alienation. The process of rationalization of depressive anxiety takes place within our conscious mind (the cerebral cortex) which registers and consciously processes what happens within the sub-cortical unconscious brain as something ultimately threatening and violent thus the sense of guilt and gloom and other abstract manifestations of depressive anxiety are more or less conscious products of the depressive anxiety as an emotion being processed within the confines of our conscious self being the cerebral cortex. These abstract products, symbolic of our primal anxiety, are more or less intellectually accessible whereas depressive anxiety to be considered as pure emotion or energy is not. It is the mature cerebral cortex that integrates countless numbers of biochemical and electrical processes which leads to the emergence of awareness enabling us to recognize our most basic needs, the most vital of them being the sense of pleasure and security achieved in the process of emotive relation to other sensitive beings. If those needs are frustrated by subjecting an individual to violence, then the sub-cortical subconscious brain becomes dysfunctional to the point that it produces punishing anxiety which may turn into depressive anxiety of such a scope and intensity that it changes our perception of reality and the reception of our self. This demonstrates the destructive power of violence and anxiety which have a tremendously adverse impact on the intellectual processes taking place within the brain cortex.
Our humanity and culture resides within the confines of the cerebral cortex but the ultimate dread of morbid anxiety and death is the product of the sub-cortical brain.
What is interesting to note is the fact that the depressive brain may be as dysfunctional as the dying brain.
A severely depressed patient may experience a death-like surge of anxiety due to the severe disorganization of sub-cortical functions of the brain. Though the patient is physically relatively healthy the build-up of anxiety in the sub-cortical brain indicative of the intensity and the extent of the functional upheaval is comparable to the dramatic functional disturbance of the dying brain accompanied by such critical and life-threatening physiological events as the temperature drop, the restriction of oxygen supply to the brain and gradual intoxication of the brain determined by progressive organ failure. Physiologically and functionally, the dying brain has very much in common with severely depressed brain because the character of the dramatic surge of anxiety resulting from dying and depression is comparable. Also comparable is the dysfunctional disturbance of the dying and the depressed brain. By implication, any manifestation of depression and depressive anxiety which is unique in its quality and scope, makes the individual markedly susceptible to any sort of violence-related trauma thus aggravating the individual's psychological condition even more, even to the point of clinical depression.
That is why the question of violence and trauma should be made an absolute priority dominating the agenda of any responsible dialogue and social policy.
Evidently, this is not so, as the case of Romania and the wide-spread violence demonstrate. In this respect, human rights are being universally violated and humans are subject to psychological rape because we are not fully aware of the ultimately destructive character of the violence-related trauma. We need to redefine the concept of violence within the broad psychological, moral, social, legal and political context and urgently raise the issue of accountability.
We need to make necessary adjustments in terms of the quality of our education.
The question of violence with all its aspects should find its due position in the public discourse and it is the ruling establishment's responsibility to effect necessary social and legal changes by engaging in the public discourse.
Andrzej Szczepanek
That is why the question of violence and trauma should be made an absolute priority dominating the agenda of any responsible dialogue and social policy.
Evidently, this is not so, as the case of Romania and the wide-spread violence demonstrate. In this respect, human rights are being universally violated and humans are subject to psychological rape because we are not fully aware of the ultimately destructive character of the violence-related trauma. We need to redefine the concept of violence within the broad psychological, moral, social, legal and political context and urgently raise the issue of accountability.
We need to make necessary adjustments in terms of the quality of our education.
The question of violence with all its aspects should find its due position in the public discourse and it is the ruling establishment's responsibility to effect necessary social and legal changes by engaging in the public discourse.
Andrzej Szczepanek